RuNet

Autonomous Internet in Russia

Main article: Autonomous sovereign Internet in Russia

Censorship (control) on the Internet. Experience of Russia

Main article: Censorship (control) on the Internet. Experience of Russia

Four Runet domains

The concept of Runet includes a set of relationships that arise in the process of using several domains in several zones of the Russian segment of the Internet. A separate article is devoted to the development of each of the zones on TAdviser:

• .Ru (domain)
• .RF (domain)
• .SU (domain)
• .RUS (domain)

Domain Registration Market in Russia

Main article: Domain registration (Russian market)

The largest sites in Russia

Main article: The largest sites in Russia

Business in Runet

• Internet economy
• Internet trading (Russian market)

• Online advertising (Russian market)
• Video advertising on the Internet (Russian market)

• Internet search in Russia

• Online tourism (Russian market)
• Online video (Russian market)
• Music Online (music streaming)

• Social networks (Russian market)

• Web Development (Russian Market)

Children's Runet

Main article: Children's Runet

Accessible Internet (free access to socially significant sites)

Main article: Accessible Internet (free access to socially significant sites)

History

2024

72% increase in the load on caching servers in Russia

In 2023, the load on caching servers in Russia increased by 72% compared to the previous year. At the same time, the processing time of requests increased by about 119%. The corresponding indicators are reflected in the report on the work of the Center for Monitoring and Management of the Public Communications Network (CMU SSOP), which was published in mid-February 2024 by the Main Radio Frequency Center (GRCC), subordinate to Roskomnadzor.

Experts attribute the increase in the load on caching servers in the Russian Federation to the increased trust in the National Domain Name System (NSDI), which is implemented as a replacement infrastructure for foreign DNS services. NSDI ensures the operability of Russian Internet resources in case of distortion or inaccessibility of information in the global domain name system. The platform serves to securely translate domain names into IP addresses.

source = SMU SSOP

The report says that Russian telecom operators configure their DNS servers for priority work with NSDI, and also give customers the IP addresses of caching NSDI servers as recommended for configuration on final equipment. At the same time, it is alleged, despite the increase in load, the speed of processing requests remains at the level of popular foreign DNS servers.

The study says that in 2023, the load on root servers increased by 47% compared to 2022. This also suggests an increase in the activity and number of NSDI users. At the same time, the processing time of requests on root servers rose by 21%, which "is not an abnormality." In 2023, the number of telecom operators copying the root zone to their DNS servers from reputable NSDI servers increased. This approach reduces the processing time of end-user DNS requests and improves the overall quality of service.^[1]

Users complained about the massive failure of Telegram and other services in Russia

On February 27, social networks reported massive disruptions in the work of Internet services in Russia. First of all, the problems began with access and sending messages to Telegram. But it is also reported about problems with access to VK, WhatsApp, YouTube, Yandex, Viber, Tele2 and other services. The active phase of the failure was observed from 12:30 to 14:00 Moscow time.

According to the Сбой.рф service, by 13:00 Moscow time, more than 5.7 thousand complaints about the work of Telegram were recorded. Users complained about problems connecting to the server, accessing the application and sending messages. Most of the complaints are from Moscow and St. Petersburg. At the same time, according to users, some Telegram opens only with a VPN.

Freepik/user7350813

The Center for Monitoring and Management of the Public Communications Network of the Main Radio Frequency Center (CMU SSOP, part of the structure of Roskomnadzor) confirmed a massive failure in the Telegram messenger in Russia.

Problems are also recorded in the USA, Germany and other countries, - says the website of the CMU SSOP without specifying the cause of the failure[2]

The Ministry of Digital Development at about 14:00 Moscow time reported that the work of the Telegram messenger and a number of other services in Russia is already being restored.

Together with Roskomnadzor, we are working to establish the cause of the incident. We will keep you informed of the situation, - said the department.

As for Russian telecom operators, their networks operate normally at the time of the failure, while they note a decrease in traffic in Telegram and other services.

The operator of the zone.ru named the reason for the largest failure in Runet - replacing the key for authenticating records

The malfunction of the Russian segment of the Internet, which occurred on January 30, 2024 and which the media call the largest in the history of Runet, occurred when replacing the old key for authenticating records in the zone file with a new one. This is stated in a letter received in February 2024 by Russian domain registrars from the Internet Technical Center (TCI; specializes in supporting the DNS infrastructure and is actually responsible for the functioning of the Internet in the Russian Federation).

As RBC writes with reference to a copy of this letter, the large-scale Runet failure began on January 30, 2024 at 18:28 Moscow time and affected sites in top-level domain zones .ru,.net and.tatar. Access to all resources was restored at 21:00 Moscow time.

According to the authors of the letter, replacing the old key for verifying the authenticity of records in the zone file with a new one, which caused a failure, is a planned process that is carried out four times a year. It is clarified that the problem arose due to the fact that when activating a new key, a collision occurred, that is, an error due to which two sets of keys with the same keytag were in the system (a 16-bit tag that is calculated using the algorithm from the key data). This led to the fact that the system could not correctly determine which key to use for data authentication, which, in turn, led to a malfunction of many sites. The center explained the failure in the configuration by problems at the software level.

According to Alexei Uchakin, director of infrastructure at EdgeÖåíòð, the failure could have occurred due to the "human factor" - for example, if the engineer made a mistake in configuring the software, generating a new key. The head of the hosting provider Rusonyx Konstantin Anisimov agreed with this, while admitting that the actions could have been "intentional."^[3]

2023: Roskomnadzor names companies that own the most IP addresses in Russia

As of the end of 2023, the Russian Internet segment had 11,262 IPv4-based networks and 2,555 IPv6-based networks. At the same time, the total number of IPv4 addresses was approximately 45.25 million. Such data are provided in the report on the work of the Center for Monitoring and Management of the Public Communications Network (CMU SSOP), which was published in mid-February 2024 by the Main Radio Frequency Center (GRCC), subordinate to Roskomnadzor.

The study says that during 2023, approximately 825 thousand left the.Ru zone. IP addresses, while about 430,000 passed into it. It is noted that the number of IP addresses is a non-constant value. Resource holders can transfer blocks of IP networks to other carriers or owners of autonomous systems. In 2023, more than half (53%) of Russian IP addresses were allocated to seven telecom operators. The rating of companies that own the most IP addresses in Russia is as follows:

• Rostelecom (11.11 million; share of 25%);
• VimpelCom (3.48 million; 8%);
• Er-Telecom (3.22 million; 7%);
• MegaFon (2.44 million; 5%);
• MTS (2.4 million; 5%);
• TransTelecom (984.83 thousand; 2%);
• Novotelecom (589.89 thousand; 1%);
• Other IP address holders combined (21.02 million; 47%).

source = SMU SSOP

As of the end of 2023, approximately 5.9 thousand autonomous systems operated in the Russian Federation - IP network systems and routers controlled by one or more operators that have a single routing policy with the Internet. Approximately 36% of autonomous systems have connectivity with at least one other such system, almost 32% with two, over 10% with three, about 4% with more than 21 systems.

The Central Federal District accounts for 40.3% of traffic in Runet. In the Volga district - 13.9%, the North-Western district - 12.5%, in the Siberian district - 9.5%, in the Ural district - 7.9% in the Southern district - 7.7%, in the Far East - 3.5%, in the North Caucasus district - 2.6%, in Crimea - 2%.^[4]

2022: The law on the regulation of the Runet will make social networks and stores poorer by 100 billion

By the end of 2022, the State Duma plans to submit a bill on recommendation algorithms on the Internet, which will make it possible to turn them off. This became known on November 21, 2022.

One of the latest versions of the document was developed by Anton Gorelkin, deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on Information Policy. This version of the bill assumes the possibility of "complete or partial" refusal of users from the use of recommendation technologies.

If the document is adopted, then such innovations will have to be provided by all owners of sites or information systems that use such technologies. That is, social networks, search engines, marketplaces, video hosting, online cinemas will fall under the bill.

The bill has undergone a number of changes in the discussion process, but the main thing is the most complete regulation - the authors decided to leave unchanged for now.

According to Anton Gorelkina, such measures are being introduced to protect the rights of users and prevent manipulation by digital platforms. The proposed concept requires a responsible approach to the use of recommendation algorithms from all market participants.

To consider its impact on individual services or directions, in my opinion, would be wrong, "he said.

Also, thanks to the document, owners of information resources will have to provide data related "to the provision or dissemination of information using advisory technologies" to Roskomnadzor at the request of the department.

It is not possible to partially disable recommendations, this will lead to the need to support at least two versions of the platform. According to representatives of online commerce, innovations will increase the path of goods to the consumer several times, from this there may be losses and the costs of technological solutions will increase.

According to the president, Associations of Internet Commerce Companies Artem Sokolov if the bill is passed, it will throw the market - into the Internettrade past. According to him, without recommendations, online stores will simply become catalogs, as at the beginning of the century. Losses of the industry can amount to more than 100 billion. rub Annually, the expert is sure the^[5]

2021

Runet's monthly audience exceeded 100 million people

On April 7, 2022, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Chernyshenko announced that more than 100 million people visit Runet sites at least once a month, which exceeds 80% of the Russian population. About 90% of Internet users go online every day, and among young Russians aged 12-24, this figure has approached 95%, the Deputy Prime Minister said, congratulating representatives of the IT industry and all users on Runet Day, which turned 28 in 2022.

Dmitry Chernyshenko: Runet audience in 2021 exceeded 100 million people

The Russian-speaking Internet space is growing every year. Runet is an important component of the country's economy. Domestic IT products, social networks and marketplaces are constantly developing and competing with the world IT giants with dignity, and under the conditions of sanctions they have successfully begun to replace and occupy their niches, - said Dmitry Chernyshenko.

He also cited data according to which the number of domain names registered in the .ru zone is more than 5 million, and in the .rf zone - more than 670 thousand.

According to the Deputy Prime Minister, in March 2022, domestic platforms significantly increased their audience indicators. For example, the number of visits to Rutube increased by 64%, and the total (Russian and foreign users) audience of VKontakte increased to 100 million people. Domestic Internet platforms create convenient and safe conditions for working on the Web, provide ample opportunities for the self-realization of youth, Chernyshenko emphasized.

Earlier, the head of Roskomnadzor, Andrei Lipov, citing a Global Digital report, said that in 2021 in Russia, the Internet audience grew to 124 million people, which corresponds to 85% of the country's population. According to him , by the end of 2021, more than 3 thousand telecom operators provided Internet access services in Russia.

Roskomnadzor has developed a procedure for transferring data on the audience of sites to a single Runet meter

On August 19, 2021, it became known that Roskomnadzor had developed a procedure for transferring data on the audience of sites to a single Runet meter. As Kommersant writes with reference to the relevant orders of the department, the meter will conclude an agreement with each resource, which will determine the method and regularity of issuing data, their volume and content.

The meter will send services a "notification of the start of interaction," which they must respond to within five days by providing contacts of the person responsible for the transfer of data.

Roskomnadzor presented the procedure for transferring data on the audience of sites to a single Runet meter

The wording in the orders of Roskomnadzor means that the list of data that Internet sites must transmit will not be minimized and clearly fixed in the text of the basic law, said Karen Ghazaryan, general director of the Institute for Internet Research. The final decision on the composition of the data will be made by the authorized organization, he explains.

The source of the publication suggested that the meter can use the data obtained to target advertising, since by law it can sell research results.

In July 2021, the president Russia Vladimir Putin signed a law on a single meter of the audience of Internet resources, according to which the study is covered by a proven mechanism for measuring the audience of TV channels by an organization authorized for this.

Research is carried out on the basis of data obtained from the processing of information provided by the owners of information resources, as well as a set of data generated from the results of research conducted by the authorized organization of the audience volume.

Citizens over 12 years old living in the Russian Federation will be considered an audience of Internet resources. The authorized organization must conduct a study at least twice a year among at least 9 thousand randomly selected people.^[6]

2019

Runet Trends 2020

As part of the conference "Runet 2019: results of the year" in December 2019, the visionary HOT-LIST of trends of 2020 was presented.

Technologies

• Privacy by default Privacy by default is a trend that has developed with the adoption of the European GDPR. This concept means that the user should not take any action to protect his privacy - the necessary technical and organizational measures must be taken in advance by the owners of Internet services and other persons processing user data. This trend
• VR/ARVirtual augmented reality and 2019 have faded slightly into the background, however, next year it is expected that leading companies will be presented with a number of new generation tools that will make VR/AR devices more accessible, which, in turn, will generate a new wave of interest in these technologies.
• Robotics Robots are becoming increasingly advanced. Today, robots are mainly used in the field of industry and services, but with the development neural networks of speech recognition technologies, robots will become more and more "human," which will lead to the development of personal robots, for example, companion robots or household assistants.
• eSimBuilt-in SIM cards not only make life easier for users, helping to almost seamlessly change the operator. This is also one of the technologies that ensure the development of the Internet of Things, since an electronic SIM card not only stores subscription data, but also supports their remote download.
• Artificial intelligence AI technologies are increasingly being used in various sectors of the economy. Many applications, the availability of available solutions and the significant benefits of implementation mean a further expansion of the application of AI technologies. An additional incentive in Russia is the adoption in October 2019 of a national strategy for the development of artificial intelligence until 2030.

Economy

• The fall of the advertising market Already in 2019, the Internet outstripped television in advertising revenue. In 2020, the decline in advertising revenues in traditional media will continue.
• Regional projects Regions are actively involved in the development of digital projects. Local startup incubators and accelerators are opening in many regions of Russia, contests for IT projects, training programs for students and schoolchildren are being held, hackathons and competitions for IT projects are being organized.
• Global trade crisis The trade war between USA and China has a negative impact on global economic growth. The risks to the supply of technological goods are especially high, which has already affected such global giants as. In Huawei turn, tensions in the field of trade and technology increase uncertainty, which negatively affects investor sentiment.
• Growth in lending Online lending is one of the most growing segments of the financial technology market. Further growth of the market will be facilitated by the expansion of the Internet audience and the growth of confidence in Internet services, as well as an increase in the technological and service level of players.
• Acquisitions/consolidation of the market This trend is an indicator of the transition of the Russian Internet market to the stage of maturity. Top companies in various segments of the Internet market will continue to grow, while it will be increasingly difficult for small players to compete with them. Gradually, such companies will either become niche players, become part of large players.

State

• Platform regulation In 2020, new initiatives are expected in the field of digital platform regulation in terms of antitrust laws, content placed on them and tightening requirements for their owners.
• Sovereign Runet Federal Law No. 90-FZ on the "sovereign Runet" was adopted on May 1, 2019 and entered into force on November 1, 2019, but a number of necessary NPAs have not yet been approved, work on which will probably continue in 2020.
• Data Regulation The development of Big Data technology entails the need to regulate the use of user data by business and government agencies. It is expected that in 2020, work on the introduction of large user data into the legal field will continue. On the other hand, further tightening of liability for violation of the rules for the processing of personal data is expected.
• Content regulation The trend towards the regulation of social networks and content in terms of filtering illegal content and responsibility for its placement, which has been noted for two years, will continue.
• Revision of development programs and institutions In 2020, it is possible to make a number of changes to the activities of federal projects of national programs for the development of the digital economy of Russia, which may entail changes in the composition of the performers of these events and the institutions responsible for their implementation.

Society

• 90% of Russians on the Internet Already today 78% of Russians regularly use the Internet. While maintaining audience growth rates in 2020, Internet penetration among Russian residents will reach 90%. At the same time, older people are actively connected to the network - 65 +.
• Evolution of information consumption The simultaneous use of multiple devices is common in modern humans. As a result, the consumption of information becomes more fragmented, it becomes more and more difficult to keep the user's attention for a long time. Formats such as image and video come to the fore. The consumption of text is reduced, it turns into an addition to the picture.
• Fifth power The degree of trust in traditional media is falling. The Internet is becoming the main source of information and a place where people spend more and more time - communicating, sharing opinions, discussing, arguing.
• Youth globalization Youth are the most active Internet users. Today's younger generation has knowledge of foreign languages ​ ​ and has access to international resources. They read the same forums and participate in the same communities. They have the opportunity to watch international premieres simultaneously with the whole world and immediately discuss them on social networks. As a result, a universal information and semantic field is formed, in which national and socio-cultural features fade into the background.
• Co-consumption economics Conscious consumption, concern about environmental issues and a desire to reduce human influence on the environment are among the incentives for the development of the co-consumption economy. On the other hand, the incentive is the development of Internet platforms and the formation on their basis of communities with a high level of trust and guarantees of the reliability of transactions.

In Russia, they want to install state counters on sites under pain of advertising ban

On November 18, 2019, it became known that the Media and Communications Union, which includes large media companies and telecom operators, is preparing, with the participation of Roskomnadzor, amendments to Russian legislation that will introduce a state mechanism for measuring the audience of Internet resources. Telecom operators are confused by the idea that the authorized organization will have access to large data of the Russian segment of the Internet, which will be able to use for commercial purposes. Read more here.

Working out the issue of accessibility of Runet resources for disabled people

On September 26, 2019, the company IRI announced that a Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media Russia meeting of the interdepartmental working group was held to study the issue of the availability of digital information resources for the hearing, vision and movement coordination disorders. The event was dedicated to the further development of the "global philosophy of accessibility" in Russia. More. here

2009

Bright careers in Runet

Advertising - 44% of funds in online business

According to the Internet and Business Association (2009), online advertising brings 44% of all money received by online companies, another 15% are paid services. Trade in services and goods brings no more than 13%. The rest falls on companies engaged in the development and support of sites - a kind of i2i service (Internet for the Internet) ^[7].

According to Tatyana Menkova, an analyst at Finam Investment Company, total investments in Runet startups will decrease by more than 40% in 2009. Despite the fact that in 2008 they were estimated at $150-200 ^[8].

Internet assets of oligarchs

1999

In 1999, the first professional online media "Газета.ру" was opened. After the successful launch and sale of the Yukos project, the Newspaper team opened a news project Лента.ру. In the same year, the largest statistics server Spylog was launched and a meeting was held...

1998

Runet Chronicle. Year ninety-eight. Year of email and virtual money. The main event of the year 98 for Runet is the launch of the postal service Mail.ru. This year, the well-known Ozone online store was also launched and the first transaction was made in the Webmoney payment system.

1997

Ninety-seventh is the year Yandex and Aport appeared. The year when Internet figures began to gather in the EJE community, as well as at the first Russian Internet forum. This is the time when Rambler's catalog and rating and site appeared Google.com.

1996

The year 1996 was one of the most intense of the history of the early Runet. In September 1996, the Rambler.ru domain was registered, and on October 8, on his birthday, the developer Dmitry Kryukov posted the first Russian search engine on the Internet.

Another hit of the young Runet was the Crib chat, where users could communicate with each other in numerous thematic "rooms." Music lovers gathered on the Music.ru website, and car enthusiasts gathered on the Auto.ru. In parallel with services on the Russian-language Internet, media projects were also actively developed. So, one of the first popular publications was Anton Nosik's Evening Internet, launched on December 24, 1996. The project was considered by many as a pervyy̆ populyarnyy̆ Russian-language blog.

In the same year, popular Zhurnal.ru sites, Damn Cakes, and the first Sputnik advertising network were launched.

1995

Ninety-fifth is the year of internet pioneers. This is the time when Artemy Lebedev's design studio appeared, the creation of the RBC holding, the first entertainment resource, an online diary and professional online media. This is the time of active infrastructure formation...

1994

The ninety-fourth is the year the Runet was founded. The year when the RU domain appeared, the infrastructure was actively formed, and the first Internet services appeared. One of the pioneers was Maxim Moshkov, the first to launch an online book depository.

Free analysis reports

• Internet use in Russia Q2 '2010: Audience, domains, sites. PDF

See also

• Domains

Notes